Capital market of india vs usa

Capital merchandise of india vs usaINDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM silver AND CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA-A silver commercializeplace is non a trade for gold b atomic number 18ly it is a merchandise for near funds or it is the trade place for lending and borrowing of unaw bes- bourne funds. It is the grocery place where the gip-term surplus investible funds of banks different pecuniary institutions atomic number 18 demanded by borrowers comprising individual companies and presidential term. commercial-grade banks are both suppliers of funds in the bullion market and borrowers.The Indian money market consists of dickens parts the unorganized and the organized fields. The unorganized sector consists of indigenous bankers who pursue the banking business on traditional lines and non-banking monetary institutions(NBFCs) .the organized sector comprises the reserve bank, the tell apart bank of India and its associates banks, both Indian and foreign.The organized money marke t in India has a number of sub markets such as the treasury bills market, the commercial bills market and the inter-bank remember money market.The Indian money market is not a single homogenous market but is composed of several sub-markets, each one of which deals in a particular type of short term citation.CALL MONEY MARKETThe market is also known as money at c tot all(prenominal)y and short notice. The market has actually two segments viz. (a) the call market or overnight market, and (b) short notice market. The rate at which funds are borrowed and lent in this market is call money rate.Call money rates are market determined i.e. by demand for and supply of short term funds. The public sector banks for rough 75 percent for the demand (that is, borrowings) and foreign banks and Indian private sector banks accounts for the balance for the balance of 20 percent of borrowings. Non-banking financialInstitutions such as IDBI, LIC, GIC, etc. get into the call money market as lenders and supply up to 80 percent of the short-term funds. The balance of 20 percent of the funds is supplied by the banking governing body .while more or less banks operates both as lenders and borrowers, others are eithers only borrowers or only borrowers or only lenders in the call money market.Bill Market in IndiaThe bill market or the discount market is the most of the essence(p) part of the money market where short-term bills-normally up to 90 days-are brought sold. The bill market is further subdivided into commercial bill market and Treasury bill market.The market for commercial bills has not become popular in India. Un manage in ceiling of the United Kingdom other international money markets where commercial bills are extensively bought and sold (i.e. discounted).The 91 days treasury bills are the most common way the government of India raises funds for the short period. Some years ago, the government had introduced the 182 day treasury bills which were later converted into 364-day treasury bills the government introduced the 14-day intermediate treasury bills.Features defects of Indian money marketExistence of unorganized money marketAbsence of integrationDiversity in money rates of interestSeasonal stringency of moneyAbsence of the bill marketHighly volatile call money marketAbsence of a well organized banking systemAvailability of quote instrument.Composition of Indian big(p) marketCapital market is the market for long term funds, just as the money market is the market for short term funds. It refers to all the facilities and the institutional arrangements for borrowing and lending term funds (medium-term and long-term funds).it does not deal in cracking goods but is concerned with the heave of money working swell of the United States for purposes of investment.The demand for long-term memory capital comes predominantly from private sector manufacturing industries and agriculture and from the government largely for the purpose of economic d evelopment. As the central and state governments are investing not only on economic overheads like transport, irrigation and power development but also on canonic industries and sometimes even in consumer goods industries, they require substantial sums from the capital market.The supply of funds for the capital market comes largely from individual savers, corporate savings, banks, insurance companies alter financing agencies and the government. Among the institutions, we may refer to the followingCommercial banks are important investors, but are largely interested in govt. securities and, to a small extent, debentures of companiesLIC and GIC are of growing importance in the Indian capital market, though their study interest is in government securitiesProvident funds constitute a major medium of savings but their investment too are mostly in govt. securities andSpecial institutions set up since independence , viz, IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, UTI, etc. -generally cal conduct development fin ancial institutions (DFIs) -aim at supplying long term capital to the private sector.There are financial intermediaries in the capital market, such as merchant bankers, usual funds leasing companies etc. which help in mobilizing savings and supplying funds to investors.Like all markets, the capital market is also composed of those who demand funds (borrowers) and those who supply funds (lenders).an ideal capital attempts to provide adequate capital at reasonable rate of return for any business which offers a likely yield spicy enough to make borrowing worthwhile.The capital market is broadly divided into two the gilt-edged market and the industrial securities market. The gilt-edged market refers to the market for government and semi govt. securities, backed by the rbi. The securities traded in this market are stable in value and are much sought later on by banks and other institutions.The industrial securities market refers to the market for shares and debentures of old and new companies. This market is further divided into the new cope market and old capital market meaning the crease exchange.The new issue market -often referred to as primary market- refers to raising of new capital in the form of shares and debentures whereas the old issue market -commonly known as crinkle exchange or stock market-deals with securities already issued by the companies. It is also known as the alternate market. Both markets are equally important, but often the issue market IS MUCH MORE IMPORTANT from the point of view of economic growth.DFIs supply funds for investment financial intermediaries like merchant bankers help the corporate sector to raise funds in the capital market.SPECIAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS THE CAPITAL MARKETSoon after(prenominal) independence, the govt. of India set up a series of financial institutions to be of special help to the private sector industries. IFCI was the first of these institutions (1948).it was followed by SFCs (set up by state gov t. with cooperation of RBI other banks) to provide long term finance to small and medium industries.ICICI (1955), IDBI (1964) UTI (1964) followed soon after.LIC was set up in 1956 to mobilize individual savings and to invest part of savings in the capital market.Commercial banks the capital marketThe operations of commercial banks vex so far been confined to the get and sell of govt. and other trust securities. Their holdings of industrial securities viz. shares and debentures are actually(prenominal) small.But in recent years, banks make up been increasingly participating in term through subscribing to the shares debentures of special financial institutions. They are also setting up financial subsidiaries, known as merchant houses, mutual funds, venture capital companies, leasing companies, etc. to mobilize funds.Non banking financial companies (NBFCs)In recent years ,NBFCs, variously called as finance corporation loan company, finance company etc. have mushroomed all ove r the country. These companies, with a very little capital of their own have been raising deposits from the public by offering attractive rate of interest other incentives. They advance loans to entirelysale and retail traders, small scurf industries and self- employed person. Bulk of their loans is given to parties which dont either approach commercial banks or which are denied credit facilities. The finance companies give loans which are generally unsecured. Besides giving loans and advances to small sector, they run chit funds, purchase and discount hundies and have also taken up merchant banking, mutual funds, leasing etc.Essentially, these finance cos. are banks, since they perform the basic twin functions of attracting deposits from the public and making loans.RBI say The rapid growth of NBFCs especially in the nineties, has led to a gradual blurring of dividing lines between banks and NBFCs.Since NBFC are not regarded as banking companies they didnt come under the control of RBI. There is no minimum liquidity ratio or cash ratio between their own funds and deposits.The RBI has mentioned 5 benigns of NBFCsLeasing Financing CompaniesHire purchase finance companiesLoan finance companiesInvestment finance companiesResiduary non-banking companies (RNBCs)Future of NBCsThe NBFCs are now emerging as a growing segment of the Indian financial system both the government and RBI appreciate the need for their orderly and healthy development with appropriate prudential safeguards. It is to regulate NBFCs and to improve their financial health that amendment to RBI act, 1934 was carried out.Mutual FundsIn recent years, mutual funds are the most important among newer capital market institutions. Several public sector banks and financial institutions have set up mutual funds on a tax-exempt basis. Their main function is to mobilize the savings of general people invest them in stock market securities.Growth of mutual fundIn the 1990s.MFs found it stern to attract i nvestors, the competition for funds was hotting up from banks and the government was offering 14% interest on medium term securities, banks-12%, HDFC-14%, IDBI-15.75%.Under these conditions, it was difficult for mutual funds to rival such high yields on debt instruments. They also found it hard to meet high expectations of investors who were yet to break out of the get-rich-quick syndrome. Accordingly, the first wave of mutual funds failed.During 1998-99 and 1999-00, however the mutual fund sector registered significant growth. Economic conditions were good stock exchanges were booming and the govt. had given tax concessions. All these help in the return of faith of people in mutual funds.The revival of mutual funds since 1995-96 was due to the entry of corporate majors-TATA, BIRLA, RELIANCE SBI. Many other followed with products designed for investor specific need. Investors left the banking system and flocked to mutual fund.STOCK EXCHANGE IN INDIAIn a modern capitalist economy, almost all commodities are produced on a large scale and large scale production means large scale of capital. The public firms issues stocks and bonds and enable those with surplus funds to invest them profitability in them.The stock market is a place where stocks and shares other long term commitments or investments are bought and sold.History of line of credit Exchange in IndiaThe first organized stock exchange in India was started in Bombay when the Native Share Stock Brokers standoff known as Bombay stock exchange (BSE) was formed by the brokers in Bombay.BSE was Asias oldest stock exchange. In 1894 Ahmadabad stock exchange was started to deal in the shares of textile miles at that place the Calcutta stock exchange was started in 1908 to deal in shares of plantation and jute miles besides these in that respect were a number of unorganized and unrecognized exchanges known as curbing markets. There were also illegal DABBA markets in which stock and shares also bought and sold SEBIThe functioning of stock exchanges in India has shown many weaknesses, lack of hydrofoil. to counter these problems and regulate capital market the government of India set up the SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA in 1988.SEBI was a non statutory body but in January 1992 it was made a statutory body. SEBI , in consultation with govt. of India has taken a lot of steps to introduce improved practices and greater transparency for the interest of the investing public and healthy development of capital marketsSEBI has advised stock exchanges to amend the listing agreements to ensure the listed companies furnishes annual statements to the stock exchangesAll the guidelines and regulatory measures of capital issues are meant to promote healthy and effective functioning of the issue marketIn January 1995 the government amended SEBI ACT 1992, so as to arm SEBI with additional powers for ensuring the orderly development of capital market and to enhance its ability to foster the inter est of investors. It was thought that SEBI has all necessary powers to control the capital market on one hand and effectively protect interest of the shareholders on the other. But it has failed miserably to prevent a small by scams like HARSHAD MEHTA scam.Capital Market of regular armyUSA has a very watertight and developed capital market. Many other countries such as Germany have a very powerful and firm banking sector but the capital market of Germany is not so strong. There is a very agile financial market that is present in USA and is playing very important part in making and implementing the policies of the government. If agile market in financial instrument were not present, the govt. will not be able to open market operations. The capital market covers a big range of tools for borrowing and lending. The borrowers are businesses houses, retail investors, and government Institutes which have needs for funding. Lenders are businesses and Individuals with savings or unornamen ted money to invest. Financial institutions viz. commercial banks, investment Firms, and insurance companies, act as both borrowers and lenders. In addition, a wide variety of financial instruments have been developed that permit borrowers to sell their own securities and their own securities and earn interest and profits. The market in which the maturities and trading are for a short period is called a money market the money market is a market for short-term credit. The money market helps the players to deal with routine financial uncertainties. Borrowers trade it for mollify or Short-term cash. Markets that deal in instruments with maturities more than one year are known as capital markets, since credit for investments for new venture will be required for more than one year.There is a difference between primary and secondary market. The primary market applies to the original issuing of a credit market instrument. After a debt instrument has been issued, the purchaser may be able t o resell the instrument before its maturity in a secondary market. These include different types of formal exchanges, and electronic trading through bids and offers.NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGEThe New York stock exchange is the largest stock exchange in the world. It is operated by NYSE Euro next (it is the company that is formed by all the companies listed in the NYSE that came into existence in April 2007).the CEO of the company is Duncan L. Niederauer .Its origin started on may 1792, when 24 stock brokers signed the Buttonwood agreement. It was renamed NEWYORK STOCK AND EXCHANE BOARD on March 1817.The first president was Anthony Stockholm.Its composite index was created with a establish value of 50 points and base year as 1965.after a gap of 38 years the base value was 5000 points and the base year was 2005.The list of stock exchanges of USA are given belowNew York Stock ExchangeNASDAQPhiladelphiaBoston Stock ExchangeNational Stock ExchangeAmerican Stock ExchangeChicago Stock Exchang eNew York Board of TradeNYSE ArcaU.S. Securities and Exchange CommissionIt is an organization of USA government which regulates all the stock exchanges mentioned above. The primary responsibility of this commission is to enforce all the securities laws of investors and industries. It was created by SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT 1934.This act is also called FEDRAL SECURITIES ACT.The main motive of the commission is to augment public faith in the capital markets by disclosure of information about public securities offerings.This commission divided in several offices. They areThe business of General CounselThe Office of the Chief AccountantThe Office of Compliance, Inspections and ExaminationsThe Office of International AffairsPESTEL ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL MARKET OF INDIAPOLITICALTHE capital market of India is very vulnerable. India has been politically instable in the past but it is a little politically stable now-a-days.the political instability of the country has a very strong impact on th e capital market. The share market of India changes as the political changes took place.The sensex goes up and crush with any kind of small and big political news, like, if there is news that a particular political party has withdrawn its support from the ruling party, and then the capital market will go down with a bang. The capital market of India is too weak and is based on speculations. The political stability of the country is very important for the stability and growth of capital market in India. The political imbalance or balance of the country is the major factor in deciding the capital market of India. The political factors include recitation lawstax policytrade restrictions and tariffspolitical stabilityECONOMICALTHE economical measures taken by the government of India has a very strong relationship with the capital market. Whenever the annual budget is announced the capital market goes up and down with the economical policies of the government .If the policies are suppo rtive to the companies then the capital market takes it positively and if there is any other policy that is not supportive and it is not welcomed then the capital market goes down. Like, in the case of allocation of 3-G spectrum, those companies that got the license for 3-G, they witnessed subtile growth in their share values so the economic policies play a major part in the growth and decline of the capital market and again if there is relaxation on any kind of taxes on items of automobile sedulousness then the share of automobile sector goes up and near strengthen the capital market .The economical factors includeinflation rateeconomic growthexchange ratesinterest ratesSOCIALIndia is a country of unity in diversity .India is socially rich but the capital market is not very devoted with the social factors .Yes, there is some relation between the social factors with the capital market. If there is any big social factor then to some extent it affects the capital market but small social factors dont impact at all.Like, there was opposition of reliance fresh in many cities and many stores were closed. The share prices of the reliance fresh went down but the impact was on and individual firm there was not much impact on the capital market on a whole the social factors have not much of impact on the capital market in India. The social factors includeemphasis on safety flight attitudes race growth rateage distributionhealth consciousnessTECHNOLOGICALThe technological factors have not that much effect on the capital market. India is technological backward country. Same as social factors, technological factor can have an effect on an individual form but it cannot have a big impact on a whole of capital market. The Bajaj got a patent on its dts-i technology, and launched it in its new bike but it does not effect on capital market. The technological change in India is always on a lower basis and it doesnt effect on country as a whole. The technological factors inclu deRD activitytechnology incentivesrate of technological changeautomationEnvironmental factorsInitially The environmental factors dont play a spanking role in the capital market. But the time has changed and people are more eco- accessible. This is really bothering them that if any firm or industry is environment friendly or not. An increasing number of people, investors, corporate executives are paying importance to these facts, the capital markets still see the environment as a liability. They belie that it is of no use for their strategy. The environmental performance is even under-valued by the markets. statutory factorsLegal factors play an important role in the development and sustain the capital market. Legal issues relating to any industry or firm decides the fate of the capital market. If the govt. of India or the parliament introduces a new law that can affect the running of the industry then the industry will be demotivated and this demotivation will lead to the demotivat ion of the investors and will result in the fall of capital market. Like after the Harshat Mehta scam, new rules and regulations were introduced like PAN card was made necessary for trading, if any investor was investing too much money in a small firm, then the investors were questioned,etc. These regulations were meant to maintain transparency in the capital market, but at that time, investment was discouraged. Legal factors are necessary for the improvement and stability of the capital market.PESTEL Analysis Of The capital market of USAPolitical factorsThe political state of USA is very stable as compared to the India and trading there is done not on speculations but on hard and proven facts. They dont invest on feelings as we Indian investors do. It is a well known fact that the political factors play an important role in the capital market, but in USA due to its strong democracy and almost 100% employment the capital market. The investors there dont mix emotions with their profe ssions so even if there is some kind of political disturbance that doesnt show much impact on the capital market there.ECONOMICALThe economical factors of any country are very important for the capital market of that country and USA is no exception. For example the great depression of 1931.the USA stock market crash on October 29,1929.it is also known as BLACK TUESDAY. This crash led to hugh loss for investors and the capital market was on its knees. Thus the economical factors are a very important and unavoidable factor .it will be suicidal to overlook the various economical factors like inflation, GDP, income tax structure etc.SOCIAL kindly factors almost dont affect the capital market in the USA. Because, the country is very rigid in its social roots. They are very less emotionally attached to each other especially in terms of business. The investors are least bothered about the social issues that prevail in their surroundings. Their social system is of that kind that it is too d ifficult to disturb the capital market there. Their social pattern is very much developed. Factors like emphasis on safety, health consciousness, career attitudes, population growth rate, age distribution etc. doesnt affect them at all.Technological factorsUSA is a technologically developed country and the companies spend lot of money on the R D of any product.they dont bother about the cost incurring on it.and the investors there are very active